What types of personal jurisdiction exist?

Personal jurisdiction refers to the power of a court to adjudicate matters concerning a particular defendant or address a person's rights. In the context of personal jurisdiction, there are two primary types recognized: in rem jurisdiction and in personam jurisdiction.

In rem jurisdiction is the power of a court to make decisions about property or interests within its geographic territory. This type of jurisdiction does not require the defendant to be present in the jurisdiction, as the court's authority is derived from the property itself that is subject to dispute. For instance, if a court in one state has jurisdiction over a property located within that state, it can adjudicate issues relating to that property, regardless of where the owner resides.

In personam jurisdiction, on the other hand, pertains to the court's authority to make decisions affecting the rights of specific individuals. This jurisdiction requires that the defendant have some connection to the jurisdiction, which often means that they reside or conduct business there, or that their actions have significant impacts on individuals within that jurisdiction. For example, a court can claim in personam jurisdiction over an individual if they were served with process while present in the state or if they consented to jurisdiction through contracts or other means.

The other choices presented—implied and express jurisdiction, original and